The Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe - 961 Words

A common argument is whether or not a person can be responsible for their own downfall or if other factors that are out of that person’s control can cause the downfall. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe, Fortunado is responsible for his own downfall because he was prideful, clueless, and he could have avoided the downfall. Some people argue that he was intoxicated when he was tricked into his downfall and therefore cannot be held responsible. Fortunado is responsible for his own downfall because Fortunado could have taken measures to avoid his downfall. Throughout the story it is very evident that Fortunado is confident in himself and in his knowledge. In the story it states, â€Å"He had a weak point-this Fortunado-although in other regards he was a man to be respected and even feared. He prided himself on his connoisseurship in wine† (Poe 226). Montresor is showing he knows the greatest weakness of Fortunado and plans to exploit this weakness. Fortunado’s pride is what caused his downfall because he was so confident in his appraising of wine that he did not want anyone else to consult the price of expensive wine. Montresor gave Fortunado the chance to enjoy the carnival, but Fortunado did not want anyone but him to appraise Montresor’s wine. Fortunado’s pride in his skill of appraising wine made him blind to other things going on around him. Montresor did not force Fortunado to go with him, he actually made sure that it was Fortunado’s own decision to continueShow MoreRelatedThe Cask of Amontill ado by Edgar Allan Poe888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe In ?The Cask of Amontillado?, Edgar Allan Poe takes us on a trip into the mind of a mad man. Poe uses certain elements to convey an emotional impact. He utilizes irony, descriptive detail of setting, and dark character traits to create the search of sinful deceit. Poe also uses first person, where the narrator is the protagonist who is deeply involved. The purpose is to get the reader to no longer be the observer. He wants them to see with MontressorRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe836 Words   |  3 Pagesqualities in the story. In the story many things are used as symbols such as the actual cask of amontillado, the trowel, the jester costume and the setting in which there is two in the story. Another literary technique used significantly in the story is irony. Irony is the expression of ones meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite. In the short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Montresor a very troubled man who plans to seek revenge on another man named FortunatoRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe And The Cask Of Amontillado1384 Words   |  6 PagesWhat makes Edgar Allan Poe work unique? Other than being a strange individual, Poe has become a remarkable literature writer. The Raven, Annabel Lee, and The Cask of Amontillado are just a few of Poe’s work that staples the theme of gothic literature. This essay will allow you to see the gothic elements Edgar Allan Poe uses through his most common poems. Gothic literature has many elements which play into its definition. The actual definition is a style of writing that is characterized by elementsRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe906 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† was written in 1846, by Edgar Allan Poe. Born in 1809, Poe never knew any of his parents. At the age of three, his mother died of tuberculosis, and his father deserted the family before he was born. Taking care of him was his foster parents in Richmond, Virginia. They loved Poe, but were not supportive of his decisions and kept Poe poor. Having debt and not being able to provide food and clothes for himself caused Poe to quit school. Later, heRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe920 Words   |  4 Pageswhen that trust no longer exists? In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe, Fortunato is about to find the answer to this question. On the surface, Montresor seems friendly with Fortunato, but deep down he feels nothing but hate for him. Could this hatred have an irrationality that only Montresor understands? In different ways, both of these men are proud and affluent, yet both have downfalls that will l ead to a tragic ending. Edgar Allan Poe’s use of language contributes to the understandingRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn his writing, Edgar Allan Poe has multiple uses of direct and indirect characterization. In The Cask of Amontillado, Montresor had rules such as â€Å"I must not only punish but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong† (Poe, 2). Poe used indirect characterization to show the reader that Montresor is an unreliable narrator because he justified hisRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1303 Words   |  6 PagesIn Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† the narrator recalls an extremely significant time in his life, and takes the reader along with him. Throughout the story, one experiences a perfectly planned murder which took place over fifty years ago, and still no one has discovered what truly happened to poor Fortunato as he was chained to a wall in a room that was then closed off, and torched to death due to all the nitre in the walls. As the story goes on, the reader can see some of Poe’s unfortunateRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story, The Cask of Amontillado, written by Edgar Allan Poe is a story of terror and betrayal. Like many of Poe’s literary works, the story has a dark undertone with a theme of terror and depression. More than half a century ago, Marshall McLuhan argued that though Poe was fascinated by evil, the evil that he had in mind was not that of Calvinism, but that of the split man and the split civilization. In general, McLuhan was right, but in this instance Calvinism, and its God, provided a darkRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe707 Words   |  3 PagesIn the short story of The Ca sk of Amontillado, Edgar Allan Poe writes in first person point of view from the perspective of Montresor who seeks revenge against Fortunato. Montresor began to develop the perfect plan for revenge. During the carnival season, Montresor meets with Fortunato and decides to implement his plan carefully through irony. Poe s story describes the murderer s mind which has lived as a memory of Fortunato s death for fifty years. Poe uses different types of irony and symbolismRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe985 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe is a well known author of short stories and poetry from the 19th century. He is known especially for his stories of horror and suspense. The Cask of Amontillado is one of his more famous pieces. The story follows the narrator, Montresor, as he exacts revenge on Fortunato. Montressor draws Fortunato into the wine cellar where eventually he chains Fortunato to the wall and encloses him inside it. Throughout the story the narrator continually proves that he is not the most reliable source

Gum Disease Free Essays

string(190) " an obvious role in periodontal diseases, evidence in the medical literature also supports the role of inflammation as a major component in the cause of diabetes and diabetic complications\." Sodaly Chhun Prof. Linda Mallen Due Date: 4/17/13 Research Paper The Effect of Gum Disease on Human Health. People think the way to have a charming smile is to have white teeth. We will write a custom essay sample on Gum Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, that is not all there is to have good oral health. Healthy gum tissue also is an important part of tooth structure which enables our healthy bright smile. Healthy gums aren’t just important for your oral health, but they can also be important for your overall health. Numerous research studies suggest that other long-term, chronic health conditions can be associated with periodontal diseases, a gum disease. Most studies suggest a possible link between periodontal diseases to other more serious chronic health conditions including heart disease, diabetes, and pregnancy complications. The most common type of gum diseases is gingivitis which is a mild form of infection of gum. According to Marian Mehegan, DDS, a regional women’s health coordinator, gingivitis causes red, swollen gums, and it can also make the gums bleed easily. This form of gum disease does not lead to loss of bone or tissue around the teeth. However, in a prolonged untreated period, it can become a periodontitis (Womenshealth. ov). Based on PubMed Health, the US National Library of Medicine, periodontitis is defined as an inflammation and an infection of the ligaments and bones that support the teeth (Ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth). Periodontitis occurs when resulting inflammation or infection of the gums is untreated or treatment is delayed. Infection and inflammation spreads from the gums to the ligaments and b one that support the teeth. As a result, the teeth become loose and eventually fall out. One of the most chronic health conditions like to problem with healthy gum is heart disease. For a century the idea of a link between oral health and the heart has been around. But it’s only been in the last 20 years that some health professionals have taken this link seriously enough to recommend dental care as a way of reducing the risk of heart disease. They believe that there is a connection between serious gum disease and cardiovascular condition. According to Dr. Kevin Marzo, Chief of Cardiology at Winthrop University Hospital in Mineola, New York, â€Å"The bacteria that cause dental plaque may promote inflammation in the body eyond the mouth including the lining of the blood vessels, increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease including heart attacks,†(Cbsnews. com). In the same way, the scientists believe there is a connection between gum disease and atherosclerosis which causes heart disease. Atherosclerosis is a hardening of arteries due to the buildup of fatty deposits on the lining of artery walls. It causes high blood pressure, stroke, and coro nary thrombosis (Dictionary of Medicine 24). According to the Fox news interviewed with Dr. Peter Lockhart, a professor of oral medicine at the Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte, N. C, there are two main theories are thought to explain how gum disease could contribute to coronary heart disease. One proposes that bacteria, which grow between your teeth and cause plaque to build-up, can enter the bloodstream when your gum starts bleeding, which happens easily if you have gum disease. For example, mouth bacteria can enter the bloodstream during dental procedure and by tooth brushing. Once in the blood stream, these organisms attach to pre-existing fatty deposits in coronary arteries (those that supply blood to the heart). This leads to inflammation, which may cause blood clots that can decrease blood flow to the heart and cause a heart attack. The second theory proposes these oral bacteria of gum disease cause the body to develop antibodies that attack receptors on the cells lining the blood vessels and cause an inflammatory reaction. This inflammation may play a role in the further development of fatty deposits lining the artery walls that can cause blockages (Foxnews. om/health). However, the evidence supporting the idea that links gum disease to heart disease has always been controversial. Hence, the American Heart Association reviewed 500 journal articles and studies and then concluded that there was no clear evidence that gum disease causes heart disease, or that treating gum disease would have any effect on those with a heart condition. Nevertheless, the re view did find gaps in the understanding of the interaction between gum disease and heart disease and called for more research. Scientists have identified the same risk factors for both heart and gum disease. As Lockhart said, â€Å" Individuals who do not pay attention to the very powerful and well-proven risk factors like smoking, diabetes or high blood pressure may not pay close attention to their overall health, either,†(Foxnews. com/health). In short, if you smoke, have poor nutrition, diabetes, or are from a lower socio-economic background, then you are at higher risk of developing gum disease, but these factors also contribute to heart disease. Next, the scientists believe that there is a two way relationship between gum disease and diabetes. First, people with diabetes are at special risk for gum disease. There is a clear relationship between degree of blood sugar and severity of periodontitis. In the article, People with Diabetes at High Risk for Developing Gum Disease, by the  Academy of General Dentistry, it claimed that diabetes reduces the body’s resistance to infection, so the gums are at risk for gingivitis (Knowyourteeth. com). Studies have shown that those with diabetes are more susceptible to the development of oral infections and periodontal (gum) disease than those who do not have diabetes. For example, dry mouth, often a symptom of undetected diabetes, can cause soreness, ulcers, infections, gum disease, and tooth decay. According to Preshaw PMet al, â€Å"The mechanisms that underpin the links between these two conditions are not completely understood, but involve aspects of immune functioning, neutrophil activity, and cytokine biology† (Ncbi. nlm. nih. gov). In addition, there’s a suggestion that if a person gum disease, it might predispose them to increase their risk of developing diabetes, because of the persistent infection in their body. While inflammation plays an obvious role in periodontal diseases, evidence in the medical literature also supports the role of inflammation as a major component in the cause of diabetes and diabetic complications. You read "Gum Disease" in category "Papers" According Preshaw PM et al. , â€Å"Incidences of macroalbuminuria, which is a high levels of albumin in the urine related to kidney disorder, and end-stage renal disease are increased twofold and threefold, respectively, in diabetic individuals who also have severe periodontitis compared to diabetic individuals without severe periodontitis† (Ncbi. lm. nih. gov). Therefore, by controlling your blood sugar, brushing and flossing every day, and visiting a dentist regularly, you can help prevent gum disease. Also, by maintaining good oral hygiene habits, it means you can reduce the risk of infection and inflammation which are the factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetes complications. Finally, gum disease has been linked to premature birth and low birth weight. Until now, it was thought that having gum disease could raise your risk of having a low-birth-weight baby. Researchers have not been able to confirm this link, but studies are still under way to learn more. Pregnant women may have the craving for salty and sweet food and develop red, swollen gums that bleed easily. This condition is called pregnancy gingivitis. Pregnancy gingivitis commonly becomes apparent later in the second month of gestation and worsens as the pregnancy progresses before reaching a peak in the eighth month. In the last month of gestation, gingivitis usually decreases andfollwing post-partum the gingival tissues are found to be comparable to those seen during the second month of gestation. Doctor Mehegan stated that, pregnancy gingivitis is due to both poor oral hygiene and higher hormone levels (Women health. gov). According to a research called Pregnancy Gingivitis and Periodontitis and Its Systemic Effect by Kaur  ,  Kharb  and   Rai, pregnant women are likely to have swollen gums and bleeding during brushing because the inflammatory response to dental plaque is increased. With the hormonal changes of pregnancy, also termed as pregnancy gingivitis, both estrogen and progesterone increase gingival inflammation. However, it is not known if the pregnancy related gingival changes might be explained by increased vascularity and vascular flow alongside alterations in the immune system and/or changes in connective tissue metabolism. Nevertheless, the anatomy structure of tissue of pregnancy gingivitis is not different from that of the gingivitis in non-pregnancy state (Ispub. com). More recently, in the article, Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy by the Academy of General Dentistry suggested that periodontitis may also pose a challenge to the developing fetus. The excessive bacteria can enter the bloodstream through the pregnancy women’s gums; the bacteria can travel to the uterus, triggering the production of chemicals called prostaglandins, which are suspected to induce premature labor (Knowyourteeth. com). All in all, there is no scientific data, thus far, to support the belief that getting regular dental treatment, particularly regarding scenarios of pregnancy-related periodontal disease, helps reduce the risk of preterm low-birth-weight babies. However, there are other overall health advantages to the mother, not to mention the more obvious oral health advantages. In conclusion, there is a potential link between gum diseases to chronic health conditions including heart disease, diabetes, and pregnancy complications. The scientists strongly believe in connection between gum diseases and heart disease based on two theories. One theory claimed that certain oral bacteria, which cause heart problems, get into the heart through the bloodstream when there is a cut in the gum. Another theory emphasized that the bacteria of gum disease causes an inflammation reaction in the blood vessel which may resulting in development of fatty deposits that block the artery blood vessel. Regarding the connection between gum disease and diabetes, the health experts believe that diabetes patients are at high risk for gum diseases, and it is vice versa a serious gum disease could make diabetes patients difficult in control blood sugar. Finally, gum disease might link to preterm labor and low birth weight. Pregnancy women are at risk to pregnancy gingivitis due to the change in hormones, which could change the volume of gum tissues, and the combination of dental plaque. Moreover, if the pregnancy gingivitis delayed untreated, it leads to serious gum disease. The scientists believe that the bacteria which cause serious gum disease could reach the uterus and cause premature which results in low birth weight. However, there is no clear evidence to proof the connection between the gum diseases to heart disease, diabetes and pregnancy complications due to the same risk factors. Gum disease  and heart disease share many common risk factors, including cigarette smoking, age and diabetes, and these factors are more likely to explain why diseases of the blood vessels and mouth occur in conjunction with each other. Although the scientists have inconclusive evidence to support their beliefs and are working on further research to support their hypothesis, it is known that good oral hygiene is still important for overall health. Hence, individuals should take care of their oral health as follows: brush your teeth at least twice each day with fluoride toothpaste and floss your teeth, have a healthy life styles, and get regular checkups with your dentist. If you follow the suggestions, you possibly be able to prevent chronic systemic diseases. 1. What does your mouth have to say about your health? Dr. Kevin Marzo, Chief of Cardiology at Winthrop University Hospital in Mineola, New York. http://www. cbsnews. com/8301-504763_162-57353192-10391704/what-does-your-mouth-have-to-say-about-your-health/ 2. Gum disease doesn’t cause heart attacks, experts say Dr. Peter Lockhart, a professor of oral medicine at the Carolinas Medical Center in Charlott Published April 19, 2012 MyHealthNewsDaily Read more:  http://www. foxnews. com/health/2012/04/19/gum-disease-doesnt-cause-heart-attacks-experts-say/#ixzz2Pk3DMbvk 3. Periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship. Preshaw PM,  Alba AL,  Herrera D,  Jepsen S,  Konstantinidis A,  Makrilakis K,  Taylor R. Source School of Dental Sciences and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK. p. m. preshaw@ncl. ac. uk http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/22057194 Diabetologia. 2012 Jan;55(1):21-31. doi: 10. 1007/s00125-011-2342-y. Epub 2011 Nov 6. 4. People with Diabetes at Higher Risk for Developing Gum Disease The  Academy of General Dentistry  (AGD http://www. knowyourteeth. com/infobites/abc/article/? abc=piid=324aid=8530 5. Periodontal Disease Causes Preterm Labor and Low Birth weight  Infants Posted on  April 28, 2011 ThomasJ. Peltzer, DMD                                                                                                   http://www. connecticutsedationdentist. com http://connecticutsedationdentist. wordpress. com/2011/04/28/can-gum-disease-actually-affect-your-unborn-child/ 6. Research Pregnancy gingivitis and periodontitis and its systemic effect Author(s):Jasdeep Kaur  ,  Simmi Kharb  and  Balwant Rai Source:The Internet Journal of Dental Science. (Dec. 10, 2008): Document Type:Report Full Text:  COPYRIGHT 2008 Internet Scientific Publications LLC http://www. ispub. com/ostia/index. php? xmlFilePath=ejournals. xml 7. Periodontal Disease and Preterm Low Birth Weight Babies According to Cannadian Dental Associstion, Studies are still being done to find out exactly how and why periodontal bacteria appears to have the effect it does. Researchers suspect that the prevalence of bacteria may affect the release of hormones responsible for starting contractions or rupturing membranes, though there has been no direct causal link found to date. The only thing for sure is the definite increased risk to those pregnant mothers who have the disease. Darlene Oakley is a freelance writer for  EmpowHER. com How might problems in my mouth be linked to health problems in other parts of my body? Heart disease. Before some dental treatments, patients who have certain heart conditions or joint replacements may take antibiotics. These people may be at risk of getting an infection when bacteria that lives in the mouth goes into the bloodstream during treatment. Antibiotics lower this risk. Talk to your doctor or dentist if you are not sure whether you should take antibiotics before dental treatment. http://www. womenshealth. gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/oral-health. cfm#g Oral health fact sheet was reviewed by: MarianMehegan,D. D. S. ,M. P. H. CAPT,USPHS RegionalWomen’sHealthCoordinator USDHHS Office on Women’s Health Healthy teeth for a healthy heart? http://www. abc. net. au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/06/19/3528574. htm#. UWOHEpOG2So:But could keeping your gums healthy also help to reduce your risk of having a heart attack? But to date the evidence supporting this idea has always been controversial. So the American Heart Association (AHA) decided to review the existing research to see what the data suggests. The Association’s review concluded while a link was â€Å"biologically plausible†, there was no clear evidence that gum disease causes heart disease, or that treating gum disease would have any effect on those with a heart condition. However, the review did find gaps in the understanding of the interaction between gum disease and heart disease, and called for more research. Professor Malcolm West, professor of medicine at the University of Queensland and consultant cardiologist at Brisbane’s Prince Charles Hospital, agrees there needs to be more research before we have a definitive answer. The potential link between the two hasn’t been clarified as much as people would like and we’re left with this question mark,† West says. One of the problems with linking the two conditions is that they have many of the same risk factors, West says. â€Å"So when trying to say one thing causes another, to try to eliminate how those other risk factors are interfering is quite difficult,† West says. Example: If you smoke, have poor nutrition, diabetes, or are from a lower socio-economic background then you are at higher risk of developing gum disease, but these factors also contribute to heart disease. Two main theories are thought to explain how gum disease could contribute to coronary heart disease, West says. One proposes that organisms, which grow between your teeth and cause plaque to build-up, can enter the bloodstream when your gum starts bleeding, which happens easily if you have gum disease. Once in the blood stream, these organisms attach to pre-existing fatty deposits in coronary arteries (those that supply blood to the heart). This leads to inflammation, which may cause blood clots that can decrease blood flow to the heart and cause a heart attack. The second theory proposes these bacteria cause the body to develop antibodies that attack receptors on the cells lining blood vessels and cause an inflammatory reaction. This inflammation may play a role in the further development of fatty deposits lining the artery walls that can cause blockages. Diabetes. http://www. womenshealth. gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/oral-health. cfm#g   People with diabetes are at special risk for gum disease. Gum disease can lead to painful chewing and even tooth loss. Dry mouth, often a symptom of undetected diabetes, can cause soreness, ulcers, infections, and tooth decay. People with diabetes can also get thrush. Smoking makes these problems worse. By controlling your blood glucose, brushing and flossing every day, and visiting a dentist regularly, you can help prevent gum disease. If your diabetes is not under control, you are more likely to develop problems in your mouth. http://www. abc. net. au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/06/19/3528574. htm#. UWOHEpOG2So: ————————————————- â€Å"There’s an ever expanding list of conditions that have been investigated in relation to gum disease,† says Associate Professor Ivan Darby, head of Population Oral Health and Periodontics at the University of Melbourne. For example, there’s a suggestion that if you’ve got gum disease it might predispose you or increase your risk of developing diabetes, ecause of the persistent infection in your body. Pregnancy. http://www. womenshealth. gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/oral-health. cfm#g Use good oral hygiene to control your risk of gum diseases. Pregnant women may have changes in taste and develop red, swollen gums that bleed easily . This condition is called pregnancy gingivitis. Both poor oral hygiene and higher hormone levels can cause pregnancy gingivitis. Until now, it was thought that having gum disease could raise your risk of having a low-birth-weight baby. Researchers have not been able to confirm this link, but studies are still under way to learn more. http://www. abc. net. au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/06/19/3528574. htm#. UWOHEpOG2So: Another is the link between preterm birth or low birth weight and gum disease, Darby says. â€Å"The original suggestion was that women that had preterm birth had more gum disease than those who went to full term. Some studies say yes and some say no, so it really is inconclusive. But probably like heart disease, having gum disease in addition to other factors adds to your risk,† he says. Definition of Gumdiseases ————————————————- http://www. womenshealth. gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/oral-health. cfm#g Gum diseases are infections caused by bacteria, along with mucus and other particles that form a sticky plaque on your teeth. Plaque that is left on teeth hardens and forms tartar. Gingivitis (jin-juh-VEYE-tuhss) is a mild form of gum disease. It causes red, swollen gums. It can also make the gums bleed easily. Gingivitis can be caused by plaque buildup. And the longer plaque and tartar stay on teeth, the more harm they do. Most gingivitis can be treated with daily brushing and flossing and regular cleanings at the dentist’s office. This form of gum disease does not lead to loss of bone or tissue around the teeth. But if it is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis (pair-ee-oh-don-TEYE-tuhss). Then the gums pull away from the teeth and form infected â€Å"pockets. † You may also lose supporting bone. If you have periodontitis, see your dentist for treatment. Otherwise your teeth may loosen over time and need to be removed. Oral health: A window to your overall health What conditions may be linked to oral health? How to cite Gum Disease, Papers

Investigating a factor that affects the rate of re Essay Example For Students

Investigating a factor that affects the rate of re Essay actionAim To investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction To investigate the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesiumPrediction 1) -I predict that the higher the concentration of hydrochloric acid the faster the time will be for the magnesium to dissolve. 2) -I predict that the higher the molar of hydrochloric acid, the more hydrogen gas will be given off. 3) -I predict that the higher the concentration of hydrochloric acid the faster the rate of reaction. This will therefore mean that the rate of reaction will be faster. 4) I predict that when I double the concentration, I would expect the rate of reaction to double with the concentration. ReasonsRates of Reaction measures different reaction rates and tells us things that affect the speed of a reaction. Seven factors that affect how fast a reaction takes place are: Temperature Catalyst Pressure PH Surface area Concentration LightWe can change speeds of reactions in three ways- Increasing the surface area Increasing concentration Raising the temperature Adding a catalyst There are three ways to measure the speed of a reaction and these are precipitation, change in mass and the volume of gas given off. The four things that are suitable for the magnesium reaction to affect how fast it takes place are Temperature Turbulence Concentration Surface areaConcentration is the best factor to for this magnesium and hydrochloric acid reaction because it is easy to undertake. In this experiment between hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon. The hydrochloric acid will dissolve the magnesium strip. This should produce hydrogen gas. The chemical equation for this reaction isMg (s) + 2HCL (aq) Mg Cl (aq) + H (g) This chemical reaction involves reactants which when mixed may cause a chemical reaction. This in turn may produce different products. What I am expecting to see in the beaker is the magnesium and hydrochloric acid reacting together to form fizzing in the solution and I think I will also see bubbles, which I may see slowly or fast depending on the amount ofconcentration. Magnesium will eventually break away and eventually dissolve. The concentration of the hydrochloric solution affects the rate of the reaction. If the concentration is too high, there will be more collisions between the enzymes, which will also increase the rate of reaction. On the other hand, if the concentration is to low then the collisions of enzymes with substrates will slow down or stop making the rate of reaction slower. This means that there will be less frequent collisions between the atoms. When there are more particles (reactants) present, the more likely a collision, and so the higher the reaction rate.Source (GCSE Bitesize chemistry, by David Smith) These factors will affect the rate of reaction. This is because of the collision theory. The collision theory shows us that it is necessary for the reacting particles to collide with each other particles. This is so there is enough energy to form or break bonds between the particles. If however, the particles do not have enough energy then the particles will bounce back not causing a collision. The minimum amount of energy needed for a co llision to take place between the particles is called the activation energy. Source (GCSE chemistry revision guide, by Ian Lee)The Maxwell Boltzmann curve is a graph that predicts the probability that the different particles will collide with each other at different temperatures. On the graph shown below the dark shaded area shows the particles that have enough energy to collide with each other. The very light shaded area is the particles that do not have enough energy to collide because they do not have enough energy. The line on the graph showing the activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that is needed for the particles to collide. This Maxwell Boltzmann curve can be related to the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid because the graph shows us how much energy is needed for the particles to make and break new bonds. The Maxwell Boltzmann curve is shown below The equation Ka shows the number of variables that are acting on the reaction between magnesium an d hydrochloric acid. K = rate constantA = the reactant M = the order of the reaction The rate constant is the amount of hydrochloric acid this is 25 ml. The reactant used is the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. The order of reaction is calculated by the number of variables that the reaction uses. In this, case the order of reaction is one. This is because the only variable in the reaction is concentration. Apparatus Hydrochloric acid (0.1 molar, 0.5 molar, 1 molar, 3 molar, 2 molar, 5 molar) Measuring cylinder to measure the amount of hydrogen gas given off Water used in the experiment Magnesium strips Used to react with the hydrochloric acid Stop watch to measure the time of how long the reaction takes place Water basin to put the water in Beaker to put the solution inDiagramFair Test-To make this a fair test I have to take a number of precautions. The first precaution I will take will be to keep the temperature of the hydrochloric acid the same. This will ensure t hat the rate of reaction is not increased by the temperature. I will also keep the volume of hydrochloric acid the same. This will make the test fair because then the volume of the acid will not affect the rate of reaction. I will also try to keep the surface area of the magnesium the same. This will make the test fair because it will then not speed up the rate of reaction in the experiment. Safety To ensure safety I will also check that the tube containing the hydrogen gas will contain no leaks. This is so it does not make the test unfair if the hydrogen gas leaks. Federalism From Its Beginning to the Present EssayThe general trend on the line graph (Fig 3) shows that as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increased the rate of reaction also increased. This was because as the concentration increased the number of particles colliding with each other also increased. Concentration molar 5.0 was the fastest concentration because the rate at which the magnesium dissolved was quickest for the concentration. The concentration with molar 5.0 had the highest rate of reaction. This meant that the 0.1 concentration had the lowest rate of reaction. The reaction between hydrochloric acid magnesium is an exothermic reaction, which means that this reaction gives out heat. As this reaction gives off heat, this process will affect the rate of reaction. This should affect the rate of reaction graph (Fig 3) but I found out that my rate of reaction graph was unaffected. The conclusion I have made is based on the collision theory. The collision theory shows us that when there is enough energy in the particle the reactant can break or form bonds. In this case, the concentration increased the speed at which the particles collide. This means that as the concentration increased the speed of particles colliding increased because the particles had more energy. EvaluationTo improve this reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid I could have used more reliable equipment that measured more accurately. T his would have improved the accuracy of the results. We could have also used precise measuring equipment to measure the hydrochloric acid and the magnesium. This would have given us results that are more accurate. To improve the accuracy of the experiment we could have repeated the investigation more times than 3 times. This would have given us results that are more accurate. To further improve the investigation we could have used different rates of concentration. This would have given a wider range of results. To enhance the experiment further we should keep the room temperature constant. This would help the accuracy of the experiment because if the temperature were constant the rate of reaction would not be affected by the temperature. To improve our investigation in the future we could have used a more accurate stopwatch or used a better device of checking if the magnesium had fully dissolved. To improve our investigation in the future we could have used a logiests data logger. This would have helped us to achieve more accurate results in the investigation. In my investigation, there were a few abnormal results when compared to the overall average. For the 0.1 concentration the result was 3325.8, however the average time for 0.1 concentration was 3427.3. This means that the result is abnormal because the reading is not equal to the average time. For the 0.5 concentration the result was 510.4, however the average time for the 0.5 concentration was 532.3. This means that the result is abnormal because the findings are not equal to the average time. For the 1.0 concentration the result was 79.2, however the average time for 1.0 concentration was 70.69. This means that the result is abnormal because the reading is not equal to the average time. For the 3.0 concentration the result was 12.5, however the average time for 3.0 concentration was 11.81. This means that the result is abnormal because the findings are not equal to the average time. I think that the abnormal results were caused by either wrong measurements of hydrochloric acid or th e inability to view when the magnesium strip had dissolved. This would mean that the results would be higher or lower than the average time result. When we completed our experiment, we could have investigated further by experimenting with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid or different lengths of magnesium. This would have given us a wider range of results. Bibliography Text Books GCSE Chemistry Science Written by Alain Anderton, Second EditionGCSE Bitesize Science Chemistry revision guide, written by David SmithOCR Chemistry Text book Written by David LeePeople Shila Tailor this person helped me with this investigation. Mrs Kemp my Science, Biology teacher Mrs Zanab this teacher helped me with this investigationElectronicElectronic services also helped me with my report. This included the use of the internet. The websites used to get the information included: www.Sciencerevision.co.ukwww.Bitsize.com/Chemistry www.ChemistryInfo.co.ukwww.OCR-Chemistry.co.ukIn this inv estigation, I also used e-mail to help with my investigation.